Jetzt weiß ich, warum im Dunkeln bei Wind mit Filipp gar nix mehr geht

Dalesman et al. (2013)
Combining Stressors That Individually Impede Long-Term Memory Blocks All Memory Processes,

Abstract:

The effects of stress on memory are typically assessed individually; however, in reality different stressors are often experienced simultaneously. Here we determined the effect that two environmentally relevant stressors, crowding and low calcium availability, have on memory and neural activity following operant conditioning of aerial respiration in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.
We measured aerial breathing behaviour and activity of a neuron necessary for memory formation, right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1), in the central pattern generator (CPG) that drives aerial respiration in untrained animals, and assessed how these traits changed following training. In naive animals both crowding and combined stressors significantly depressed burst activity in RPeD1 which correlated with a depression in aerial breathing behaviour, whereas low calcium availability had no effect on RPeD1 activity. Following training, changes in burst activity in RPeD1 correlated with behavioural changes, decreasing relative to their naive state at 3 h and 24 h in control conditions when both intermediate-term memory (ITM: 3 h) and long-term memory (LTM: 24 h) are formed, at 3 h but not 24 h when exposed to individualstressors when only ITM is formed, and did not change in combined stressors (i.e. when no memory is formed). Additionally, we also found that Lymnaea formed short-term memory (STM: 10 min) in the presence of individual stressors or under control conditions, but failed to do so in the presence of combined stressors. Our data demonstrate that by combining stressors that individually block LTM only we can block all memory processes. Therefore the effects of two stressors with similar individual affects on memory phenotype may be additive when experienced in combination

Und wer sich nicht den ganzen Arikel antun möchte, hier die Zusammenfassung im Science: klick

Eine Frage an die Wissenschaftler, wie kommt man an diese Artikel heran?

Parker, M., S. D. McBride, E. S. Redhead, and D. Goodwin. 2009. Differential place and response learning in horses displaying an oral stereotypy. Behav. Brain Res. 200:100-105

Über wissenschaftliche Suchmaschinen und einen Uni-Account. Wenn man Glück hat, hat die Uni das Journal abonniert und man kann sich das Paper runterladen.
Falls du das Paper aus deinem letzten Post haben willst (sorry, habs jetzt erst gesehen), kann ich dir das schicken.

auja, das wäre fein

Wathan et al. (2015)
Horses capable of humanlike facial expressions - EquiFACS: The Equine Facial Action Coding System

Abstract:

Although previous studies of horses have investigated their facial expressions in specific contexts, e.g. pain, until now there has been no methodology available that documents all the possible facial movements of the horse and provides a way to record all potential facial configurations. This is essential for an objective description of horse facial expressions across a range of contexts that reflect different emotional states. Facial Action Coding Systems (FACS) provide a systematic methodology of identifying and coding facial expressions on the basis of underlying facial musculature and muscle movement. FACS are anatomically based and document all possible facial movements rather than a configuration of movements associated with a particular situation. Consequently, FACS can be applied as a tool for a wide range of research questions. We developed FACS for the domestic horse (Equus caballus) through anatomical investigation of the underlying musculature and subsequent analysis of naturally occurring behaviour captured on high quality video. Discrete facial movements were identified and described in terms of the underlying muscle contractions, in correspondence with previous FACS systems. The reliability of others to be able to learn this system (EquiFACS) and consistently code behavioural sequences was high—and this included people with no previous experience of horses. A wide range of facial movements were identified, including many that are also seen in primates and other domestic animals (dogs and cats). EquiFACS provides a method that can now be used to document the facial movements associated with different social contexts and thus to address questions relevant to understanding social cognition and comparative psychology, as well as informing current veterinary and animal welfare practices.

Und eine kurze Zusammenfassung gibts auch im Science.